Semantic CRM mobile communications sessions

ABSTRACT

Customer relationship management (“CRM”) implemented in a computer system, including establishing by the computer system, upon a first communications contact between a tele-agent and a customer representative, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a communications session; and administering by the computer system through the communications session across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts, including the first contact and also subsequent communications contacts, between the tele-agent and the customer representative.

BACKGROUND

Customer Relationship Management (‘CRM’) is an approach to managing a company's interaction with current and potential customers. CRM implements data analysis of customers' history with a company to improve business relationships with customers, specifically focusing on customer retention and sales growth. CRM systems compile data from a range of communication channels, including telephone, email, live chat, text messaging, marketing materials, websites, and social media. Through the CRM approach and the systems used to facilitate it, businesses learn more about their target audiences and how to best address their needs.

Enterprise CRM systems can be huge. Such systems can include data warehouse technology, used to aggregate transaction information, to merge the information with information regarding CRM products and services, and to provide key performance indicators. CRM systems aid managing volatile growth and demand and implement forecasting models that integrate sales history with sales projections. CRM systems track and measure marketing campaigns over multiple networks, tracking customer analysis by customer clicks and sales. Some CRM software is available through cloud systems, software as a service (SaaS), delivered via network and accessed via a browser instead of installed on a local computer. Businesses using cloud-based CRM SaaS typically subscribe to such CRM systems, paying a recurring subscription fee, rather than purchasing the system outright.

Despite their sheer size, many CRM systems today lack the infrastructure to make full use of the information they can access. Customer contacts alone, for example can be difficult to track. A tele-agent today does not limit customer contacts merely to phone calls from a desk in a call center. Such contacts are often administered through contact centers that can administer multiple modes of contact, phone, text, email, and so on, among multiple agents across multiple locations. When a particular tele-agent representing a contact center on behalf of a marketing client accepts a phone call from a customer representative, it is entirely possible that there can have been multiple intervening contacts with that customer representative, including text messages and emails or even automated messages from artificial intelligence agents, very difficult for the current tele-agent to know or sort.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 sets forth a network diagram illustrating an example system for customer relationship management (“CRM”) according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 sets forth a line drawing of an example graph of semantic triples useful in CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 sets forth a functional block diagram of an example computer system that implements CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 sets forth a line drawing of an example dashboard that implements CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 sets forth a functional block diagram of example apparatus for CRM in a thin-client architecture according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 sets forth a block diagram of an example computer useful as a voice server for CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 sets forth a block diagram of an example computer useful as a triple server for CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 sets forth a block diagram of an example computer memory system useful for CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 sets forth a functional block diagram of example apparatus for CRM in a thick-client architecture according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 10 sets forth a flow chart illustrating an example method of CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11 sets forth an example enterprise knowledge graph in which triples regarding customers, customer representatives, and communications sessions are implemented as subgraphs.

FIG. 12 sets forth an example graph set in which triples regarding customers, customer representatives, and communications sessions are implemented as separate graphs.

FIGS. 13, and 14 set forth flow charts illustrating further example methods of CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Example methods and apparatus for customer relationship management (“CRM”) implemented in a computer system are described with reference to the accompanying drawings, beginning with FIG. 1. FIG. 1 sets forth a network diagram illustrating an example computer system for CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. The computer system in the example of FIG. 1 includes client computers (152) and several servers, a triple server (157), a voice server (151), a lead engine (134), and a script engine (132). The client computers and the servers, including the lead engine and the script engine, taken together compose an overall computer system that implements CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. A client computer is automated computing machinery configured for CRM with CRM-related I/O through a display, a graphical user interface, or a speech-enabled interface that accepts and recognizes speech from a user and expresses to a user voice prompts and speech responses. Such devices are referred to as client devices because they implement the client side of computer architectures that carry out CRM according to embodiments. Client computers in the example of FIG. 1 include a desktop computer (107), a mobile phone (110), and a laptop computer (126), any or all of which can server as a workstation for a tele-agent carrying out CRM in, for example, a contact center (305). The client computers are coupled for data communications by wireless connections (116, 118, 120) through the network (100) to the triple server (157), the voice server (151), the lead engine (134), and the script engine (132).

A lead engine (134) is automated computing machinery that gathers leads from various resources and provides them to a tele-agent through a GUI for use with customers and prospective customers. A lead is structured data representing a customer or potential customer typically including a lead ID, lead name, company, role of the lead, address of the lead or company, phone number of the lead and other relevant information as will occur to those of skill in the art. Such a lead may be implemented as a record, message, object, or other data structure useful to automated computing machinery for automatic lead generation and presentation through a GUI to a tele-agent.

A script engine (206) is automated computing machinery that creates in real-time a dynamic script for a tele-agent to use in communicating with a customer. A dynamic script is a script that changes in real-time in dependence upon various factors such as current industry trend data and often the specific products that the tele-agents supports and the products that the customer does or does not have. That is, the dynamic script is dynamic in the sense that it changes in real-time based on industry trends. The sentences in the script are dynamically reordered, added, or deleted in real-time for the benefit of the customer. Such sentences may be dynamically altered in the script by being dynamically reordered or created in real-time, retrieved from a repository of relevant industry and software descriptions, provided by other tele-agents, or in other ways as will occur to those of skill in the art.

Automated computing machinery, as that phrase is used in this specification, means a module, segment, or portion of code or other automated computing logic, hardware, software, firmware, or the like, as well as a combination of any of the aforementioned, local or remote. Automated computing machinery is often implemented as executable instructions, physical units, or other computing logic for implementing specified logical functions.

A tele-agent (128) is a person, an agent of a contact center, responsible for selling or supporting commercial products and services. A customer representative (129) is a person who represents a customer, a company or other enterprise that is a current or prospective purchaser of goods or services of a contact center.

A CRM contact center (305) is an organization of personnel and computer resources that provide CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. In the example of FIG. 1, a dotted line indicates the extent of the contact center (305). The extent is logical rather than physical. All of the resources and personnel that make up the contact center can have the same physical location, or the contact center can be highly virtualized, with separate physical locations for tele-agents, for client devices, and for servers, for example. Some or all tele-agents can work together in a call center that provides agents with desks, workstations, telephones, and so on. All or some of the tele-agents can work from home offices or from mobile locations. Script and lead engines may be located in data centers separate from data centers that house triple servers and voice servers. And so on.

A semantic graph database (152) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges and properties to represent and store data. A key concept of this database system is the graph (or edge or relationship), which directly relates data items in a data store. The relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly, and in many cases retrieved with one operation. Such a graph database contrasts with conventional relational databases, where links among data are mere indirect metadata, and queries search for data within the store using joins to collect related data. Graph databases, by design, make explicit relations among data and allow simple and fast retrieval of complex hierarchical structures that are difficult to model in relational systems.

The underlying storage mechanism of graph databases can vary. Some depend on a relational engine and store the graph data in a table. Others use a key-value store or document-oriented database for storage, making them inherently NoSQL structures.

Retrieving data from a graph database often requires a query language other than SQL, which was designed for relational databases and does not elegantly handle traversing a graph. There are a number of systems, most often tightly tied to one product and there are some multi-vendor query languages like Gremlin, SPARQL, and Cypher. In addition to having query language interfaces, some graph databases are accessed through application programming interfaces (APIs).

Graph databases are based on graph theory, and employ nodes, edges, and properties. Nodes represent entities such as people, businesses, accounts, or any other item to be tracked. They are roughly the equivalent of the record, relation, or row in a relational database, or the document in a document database. Edges, also termed graphs or relationships, are the lines that connect nodes to other nodes; they represent the relationship between them. Meaningful patterns emerge when examining the connections and interconnections of nodes, properties, and edges. Edges are the key concept in graph databases, representing an abstraction that is not directly implemented in other systems. Properties are germane information that relate to nodes. For example, if N3 were one of the nodes, it might be tied to properties such as web-services support, cloud-computing, or a word that starts with the letter N, depending on which aspects of N3 are germane to a given database.

The graph database of FIG. 1 is a semantic graph database and stored within it is an enterprise knowledge graph (154). The example enterprise knowledge graph of FIG. 1 can be implemented, for example, according to the Resource Description Framework (‘RDF’). In such an implementation, the enterprise knowledge graph has each data item represented by a resource identifier. Such resource identifiers may include a uniform resource identifier (‘URI’), an internationalized resource identifier (‘IRI’), a uniform resource locator (‘URL’), a literal, a non-literal, or any other resource identifier. RDF makes resource identifier relationships between data items the central attribute of its overall data model. Resource identifiers, such as URI's, are created with data and linked together using relationships that are also named with resource identifiers. The fact that all identifiers in an RDF data store are named with identifiers means that all data items, including relationship, edges, or properties, are expressly defined and self-defined.

The enterprise knowledge graph (154) of FIG. 1 has characteristics of mathematical directed graphs in that it is composed of vertices (a.k.a. nodes) and directed edges.

Each edge connects two vertices, has a type, and can have one or more properties. Each property in this example may be implemented as a key-value pair. The ability to characterize an edge and attach properties to it increases the semantic expressiveness of such a knowledge graph. This description of graph databases and semantic graph databases is for explanation and not for limitation. In fact, alternative embodiments may include relational databases, Non-SQL data stores, files, text documents, spreadsheets, and other viable database structures.

Computer memory (169) can include cache, random access memory (“RAM”), disk storage, and so on, most forms of computer memory. Computer memory so configured typically resides upon speech-enabled devices, or, as shown here (169), upon one or more triple servers (157).

Words (509) of text, spoken or typed, among other things such as images, digital text, and the like, typically compose at least some of the content (509) of sessions and contacts. Such words can be words typed into a text box, words from email or text messages, or words of digitized speech for recognition (315) from a conversation (313). The speech for recognition can be the entire conversation, where, for example, both persons speaking are in the same room, and the entire conversation is picked up by a microphone on a speech-enabled device. The scope of speech for recognition can be reduced by providing to a speech-enabled device only one side of the conversation, as only through a microphone on a headset (105). The scope of speech for recognition can be further reduced by providing for recognition only speech that responds to a prompt from a VoiceXML dialogue executing on a client computer. As the scope of speech for recognition is reduced, data processing burdens are reduced across the system as a whole, although it remains an option, in some embodiments at least, to recognize the entire conversation and stream across a display (110) a flow of all words in the conversation.

Speech from the conversation (313) is recognized into digitized words by operation of a natural language processing speech recognition (“NLP-SR”) engine (153), shown here disposed upon a voice server (151), but also amenable to installation on speech-enabled client computers. In addition to digitizing the word (509) by speech recognition functions of a voice server (151), for a further example, the word (509) can be digitized by operation of widgets of a graphical user interface (110). Or, for an even further example, the word (509) can be digitized by a user's (128) typing it into a text entry box (366) of a graphical user interface (110).

The overall example computer system illustrated in FIG. 1 operates generally to implement CRM according to embodiments of the present invention by establishing, upon a first communications contact (142) between a tele-agent (128) and a customer representative (129), as structure of computer memory (169) of the computer system, a communications session (140). The computer system also functions generally by administering through the communications session across communications platforms (101) a sequence of communications contacts, including the first contact (142) and also subsequent communications contacts (144), between the tele-agent and the customer representative. Examples of communications platforms include email platforms, chatbots, telephones, and text messaging platforms. Examples of text messaging platforms that can be adapted as CRM communications platforms according to embodiments include SMS messaging over telephone systems, web chat inline within a web application, and web-oriented messaging applications such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Slack, Snapchat, Cryptocat, Kik, Google Hangouts, Line, MeowChat, Ethan, China's WeChat and QQ Messenger, Viber, Korea's KakaoTalk, Vietnam's Zalo, as well as direct messaging functions in Instagram and Twitter.

In establishing a session, the computer system establishes, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a session (140) as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery whose structure and contents (509) are also stored as semantic triples (752, 754) in an enterprise knowledge graph (154). That is, a session in this example is established initially at least as an instance of an object-oriented session class. Establishing such a session includes storing in computer memory as member data elements of the session a subject code, a timestamp, identification of the tele-agent, identification of the customer representative, and optionally as well other information regarding the session.

The computer system administers a sequence of contacts by establishing each contact as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery that structures computer memory of the computer system and whose structure and contents are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph. That is, a contact in this example is established initially at least as an instance of an object-oriented contact class. Administering a sequence of contacts includes recording in computer memory as member data elements of each contact a timestamp beginning the contact, duration of the contact, a session identifier for the contact, platform type, contact status, any communications content of the contact, and optionally as well other information regarding the contact.

Administering contacts across platforms includes administering contacts asynchronously across a same platform or across different platforms and administering across platforms includes administering across platform types. A first contact in a session can be by telephone with a subsequent contact by the same telephone or a different telephone. A first contact can be by email with subsequent contacts by telephone or text message.

Administering contacts across platforms includes administering contacts across physical locations of platforms. A first contact of a session can be by landline telephone in a call center with a subsequent contact by cell phone in a restaurant. A first contact can be by email from a desk in a call center with subsequent contacts by cell phone or text message from a supermarket.

The example computer system of FIG. 1 includes a parsing engine (380) that parses into parsed triples (752) of a description logic, the structure and content (509) of the communications session, including the structure and content of the communications contacts. The example computer system of FIG. 1 also includes an inference engine (298) that infers from the parsed triples (752) according to inference rules of an enterprise knowledge graph, inferred triples (754). The functions of the example computer system of FIG. 1 include storing the parsed triples (752) and the inferred triples (754) in the enterprise knowledge graph (154) for use in CRM according to embodiments.

A parsed triple (752) is a semantic triple composed of, for example, a subject, a predicate, and an object, that is ‘parsed’ in the sense that it is composed from elements derived from a session or a contact, including, for example, recognized speech, selections from GUI widgets, text typed through a GUI, or the like. That is, “parsing” means taking component elements of sessions and contacts from various sources and forming them into semantic triples. Parsing can include forming into semantic triples raw text from data entry or conversational speech that is processed by an NLP-SR engine into parts of speech. Such parts of speech can be formed into triples by placing each part appropriately as subject-predicate-object in a triple.

An inferred triple (754) is inferred from a parsed triple (752) according to inference rules (376) that govern relations among data elements in a knowledge graph, here, an enterprise knowledge graph (154). Inferencing is a process by which new triples are systematically added to a graph based on patterns in existing triples. Information integration, inclusion of newly inferred triples, can be achieved by invoking inferencing before or during a query process. A query executed with inference rules in an engine designed not only for queries but also for inferencing, returns not only asserted data but also inferred information. Readers will recognize that all such references to “data” or “information” or “knowledge” are in fact references to semantic triples.

Here is an example of an inference rule:

IF { <A> <is a subclass of> <B> } AND { <x> <is of type> <A> } THEN { <x> <is of type> <B> }

In plain language, this rule says that if class A is a subclass of class B, anything of type A is also of type B. We refer to this rule as a ‘type propagation rule,’ A is a subclass of B, x is an A, x is also a B. Or in a SPARQL CONSTRUCT query, this type propagation rule can be expressed:

CONSTRUCT { ?R :type ?B} WHERE { ?A :subClassOf ?B . ?R :type ?A }

For further explanation, assume these example triples are previously asserted:

<Henleys> <subClassOF> <Shirts> <Shirts> <subClassOF> <MensWear> <Blouses> <subClassOF> <WomensWear> <Oxfords> <subClassOF> <Shirts> <Tshirts> <subClassOF> <Shirts> <ChamoisHenley>  <isOfType> <Henleys> <ClassicOxford>  <isOfType> <Oxfords> <ClassicOxford>  <isOfType> <Shirts> <BikerT>  <isOfType> <Tshirts> <BikerT>  <isOfType> <MensWear>

Applying the type propagation rule results in the following inferences:

<ChamoisHenley> <isOfType> <Shirts> <ChamoisHenley> <isOfType> <MensWear> <ClassicOxford> <isOfType> <Shirts> <ClassicOxford > <isOfType> <MensWear> <BikerT> <isOfType> <Shirts> <BikerT> <isOfType> <MensWear>

Two of the inferred triples were also previously asserted:

<ClassicOxford> <isOfType> <Shirts> <BikerT> <isOfType> <MensWear>

And here, for an inference engine that simply inserts the inferred triples back into the asserted graph, is the new graph, with inferred triples in bold italics:

<Henleys> <subClassOF> <Shirts> <Shirts> <subClassOF> <MensWear> <Blouses> <subClassOF> <WomensWear> <Oxfords> <subClassOF> <Shirts> <Tshirts> <subClassOF> <Shirts> <ChamoisHenley>  <isOfType> <Henleys> <

>  <

> <

> <

>  <

> <

> <ClassicOxford>  <isOfType> <Oxfords> <ClassicOxford>  <isOfType> <Shirts> <

 >  <

> <

> <BikerT>  <isOfType> <Tshirts> <BikerT>  <isOfType> <MensWear> <

>  <

> <

>

The underlying purpose of such inferencing is to create data that are more connected, better integrated, and in which the consistency constraints on the data are expressed in the data itself. The data itself describes how the data can be used. For purposes of making data more integrated and consistent, simple inferences like those just described are often more useful than elaborate ones, not very exciting, but very useful. It is this kind of workaday consistency completion of CRM data that can be done with inferencing according to embodiments. Although inferencing of this kind may seem at first glance to have little significance, in fact, this kind of inferencing is exactly the kind of correlation that effects consistency in large data stores.

In this paper, “parsed triples” are triples parsed more or less in real time from structure and content of contacts and sessions as or promptly after a contact occurs. Possibly many of the triples in the enterprise knowledge graph were parsed at some point, but, nevertheless, for clarity of description in this paper, triples already in the enterprise knowledge graph are “asserted triples,” and triples just now parsed from structure and content of a session and a contact are “parsed triples.” “Inferred triples” are triples inferred more or less in real time from parsed triples as a contact occurs or promptly afterwards. Possibly many of the triples in the enterprise knowledge graph were inferred at some point, but, nevertheless, for clarity of description in this paper, triples already in the enterprise knowledge graph are “asserted triples,” and triples just now inferred from triples parsed from a session or contact are “inferred triples.”

There is no structural, functional, or logical difference among these triples. Asserted triples, parsed triples, inferred triples, they are all exactly the same kind of entity. The labels “asserted,” “parsed,” and “inferred” are used here merely for ease of explanation, not for identifications of differences in kind. All of these triples are three-part expressions of information conforming to some form of defined logic of a knowledge graph, often a description logic, often a logic that supports decidability.

In at least some embodiments, the enterprise knowledge graph (154) may include all or most information describing or pertinent to or useful in an entire corporate enterprise, financials, business entities and structures, employee data, incorporation data, transactions, contracts, sales history, product descriptions, and so on, and so on. Thus, CRM information is a subset of overall corporate information, and asserted, parsed, and inferred triples are kinds of CRM information. The present description of triples as subgraphs of an overall enterprise knowledge graph is for explanation rather than limitation. In some embodiments at least, for various reasons, CRM data, communications session data, contact data, customer data, information related to customer representatives, or call note data can be implemented in separate graphs rather than subgraphs. In the example of FIG. 1, the enterprise knowledge graph (154) is implemented in semantic triples organized and connected according to at least one form of semantic logic, such as, for example, a predicate logic or a description logic. In the example of FIG. 1, the enterprise knowledge graph is composed of semantic triples of a defined logic that includes all CRM-related knowledge that is available to a tele-agent through the overall computer system. The triples are semantic triples in the sense that such triples have meanings defined by inferences, inferences expressly described in additional triples, which are here referred to as “inferred triples.”

A triple (752, 754) is a three-part statement expressed in a form of logic. Depending on context, different terminologies are used to refer to effectively the same three parts of a statement in a logic. In first order logic, the parts are called constant, unary predicate, and binary predicate. In the Web Ontology Language (“OWL”) the parts are individual, class, and property. In some description logics the parts are called individual, concept, and role. In this paper, the elements of a triple are referred to as subject, predicate, and object—and expressed like this: <subject> <predicate> <object>—or like this: (subject predicate object)—or in other abstract forms intended to be read by a human. There are many modes of expression for triples. Elements of triples can be represented as Uniform Resource Locaters (“URLs”), Uniform Resource Identifiers (“URIs”), or International Resource Identifiers (“IRIs”). Triples can be expressed in N-Quads, Turtle syntax, TriG, Javascript Object Notation or “JSON,” the list goes on and on. The expression used here, subject-predicate-object in angle brackets or parenthesis, is a form of abstract syntax, optimized for human readability rather than machine processing, although its substantive content is correct for expression of triples. Using this abstract syntax, here are examples of triples:

<Bob> <is a> <person> <Bob> <is a friend of> <Alice> <Bob> <is born on> <the 4^(th) of July 1990> <Bob> <is interested in> <the Mona Lisa> <the Mona Lisa> <was created by> <Leonardo da Vinci> <the video ‘La Joconde à Washington’> <is about> <the Mona Lisa>

The same item can be referenced in multiple triples. In this example, Bob is the subject of four triples, and the Mona Lisa is the subject of one triple and the object of two. This ability to have the same item be the subject of one triple and the object of another makes it possible to effect connections among triples, and connected triples form graphs.

For further explanation of relations among triples and graphs, FIG. 2 sets forth a line drawing of a graph (600). The example graph of FIG. 2 implements in the form of a line drawing the example triple graph set forth above regarding Bob and the Mona Lisa. In the example of FIG. 2, the graph edges (604, 608, 612, 616, 620, 624) represent respectively relations among the nodes, that is, represent the predicates <is a>, <is a friend of>, <is born on>, <is interested in>, <was created by>, and <is about>. The nodes themselves represent the subjects (602, 618, 626) and objects (606, 610, 614, 618, 622) of the triples, <Bob>, <person>, <Alice>, <the 4^(th) of July 1990>, <the Mona Lisa>, <Leonardo da Vinci>, and <the video ‘La Joconde à Washington’>. The node (618) representing the Mona Lisa is both a subject and an object. The node (618) representing the Mona Lisa is an object of the triple (602, 616, 618) that describes Bob's interest. The node (618) representing the Mona Lisa is a subject of the triple (618, 620, 622) that describes the Mona Lisa's creation by Leonardo.

In systems of knowledge representation, knowledge is represented in graphs of triples, including, for example, knowledge representations implemented in Gremlin, in Cypher, in Prolog databases, in Lisp data structures, or in RDF-oriented ontologies in RDFS, OWL, and other ontology languages. Search and inference are effected against such graphs by search engines configured to execute semantic queries and semantic inference in, for example, Gremlin, Cypher, Prolog, Lisp, or SPARQL.

Gremlin is a query language provided through the TinkerPop graph computing framework from the Apache Foundation. Cypher is an AI program that generates SPARQL queries from natural language input, allowing users to speak plain language to update and query databases; Cypher brings its own grammar and lexicon to natural language processing. SPARQL is a recursive acronym for “SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language.” Lisp is a reliable, flexible programming language that is widely used in artificial intelligence, knowledge representation, and semantic applications. Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language. Prolog supports queries against connected triples expressed as statements and rules in a Prolog database. SPARQL supports queries against ontologies expressed in RDFS, OWL, or other RDF-oriented ontologies. Regarding Prolog, SPARQL, Cypher, Gremlin, Lisp, and so on, these are examples of technologies explanatory of example embodiments of the present invention. Thus, such are not limitations of the present invention. Knowledge representations useful according to embodiments can take many forms in the art, now or in the future, and all such are now and will continue to be well within the scope of the present invention.

A description logic is a member of a family of formal knowledge representation languages. Some description logics are more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive than first-order logic. In contrast to first-order logics, reasoning problems for description logics are usually decidable. Efficient decision procedures therefore can be implemented for problem of search and inference in description logics. There are general, spatial, temporal, spatiotemporal, and fuzzy descriptions logics, and each description logic features a different balance between expressivity and reasoning complexity by supporting different sets of mathematical constructors.

Search queries are disposed along a scale of semantics. A traditional web search, for example, is disposed upon a zero point of that scale, no semantics, no structure. A traditional web search against the keyword “derivative” returns thousands of HTML documents discussing the literary concept of derivative works as well as calculus procedures. A traditional web search against the keyword “differential” returns many web pages describing automobile parts and many web pages discussing calculus functions.

Other queries are disposed along mid-points of the scale, some semantics, some structure, not entirely complete. This is actually a current trend in web search. Such systems may be termed executable rather than decidable. From some points of view, decidability is not a primary concern. In many Web applications, for example, data sets are huge, and they simply do not require a 100 percent correct model to analyze data that may have been spidered, scraped, and converted into structure by some heuristic program that itself is imperfect. People use Google because it can find good answers a lot of the time, even if it cannot find perfect answers all the time. In such rough-and-tumble search environments, provable correctness is not a key goal.

Other classes of queries are disposed where correctness of results is important, and decidability enters. A user who is a tele-agent in a data center speaking by phone with an automotive customer discussing a front differential is concerned not to be required to sort through calculus results to find correct terminology. Such a user needs correct definitions of automotive terms, and the user needs query results in conversational real time, that is, for example, within seconds.

In formal logic, a system is decidable if there exists a method such that, for every assertion that can be expressed in terms of the system, the method is capable of deciding whether or not the assertion is valid within the system. In practical terms, a query against a decidable description logic will not loop indefinitely, crash, fail to return an answer, or return a wrong answer. A decidable description logic supports data models or ontologies that are clear, unambiguous, and machine-processable. Undecidable systems do not. A decidable description logic supports algorithms by which a computer system can determine equivalence of classes defined in the logic. Undecidable systems do not. Decidable description logics can be implemented in C, C++, SQL, Lisp, RDF/RDFS/OWL, and so on. In the RDF space, subdivisions of OWL vary in decidability. Full OWL does not support decidability. OWL DL does.

For further explanation, FIG. 3 sets forth a functional block diagram of an example computer system (178) that implements CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. The example computer system of FIG. 3 includes a processor or “CPU” (156), random access memory or “RAM” (168), a sound card (174), and a display (180). The system includes a CRM application program (195), typically stored in RAM and executed on the CPU. The CRM application exposes through the display a graphical user interface or “GUI” in the form of a dashboard (110), which, by use of the sound card, audio equipment, keyboard, and mouse (181), in addition to the display (180), accepts and provides user I/O.

The example computer system illustrated in FIG. 3 operates generally to implement CRM according to embodiments of the present invention by establishing, upon a first communications contact (142) between a tele-agent (128) and a customer representative (129), as structure of computer memory (169) of the computer system, a communications session (140). In establishing a session, the computer system establishes, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a session (140) as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery whose structure and contents (509) are also stored as semantic triples (752, 754) in an enterprise knowledge graph (154). That is, a session in this example is established initially at least as an instance of an object-oriented session class. Establishing such a session includes storing in computer memory as member data elements of the session a subject code, a timestamp, identification of the tele-agent, identification of the customer representative, and optionally as well other information regarding the session.

The computer system also functions generally by administering through the communications session across communications platforms a sequence (374) of communications contacts, including the first contact (142) and also subsequent communications contacts (144), between the tele-agent and the customer representative. The computer system administers a sequence of contacts by establishing each contact as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery that structures computer memory of the computer system and whose structure and contents are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph. That is, a contact in this example is established initially at least as an instance of an object-oriented contact class. Administering a sequence of contacts includes recording in computer memory as member data elements of each contact a timestamp beginning the contact, duration of the contact, a session identifier for the contact, platform type, contact status, any communications content of the contact, and optionally as well other information regarding the contact.

The example computer system of FIG. 3 includes a parsing engine (380) that parses into parsed triples (752) of a description logic, the structure and content (509) of the communications session, including the structure and content of the communications contacts. The example computer system of FIG. 3 also includes an inference engine (298) that infers from the parsed triples (752) according to inference rules (376) of an enterprise knowledge graph, inferred triples (754). The functions of the example computer system of FIG. 3 include storing (398) the parsed triples (752) and the inferred triples (754) in the enterprise knowledge graph (154) for use in CRM according to embodiments.

In the example of FIG. 3, it is the CRM application (195) that generates the sequence (374) of contacts (142, 144). A CRM contact is an activity that generates content, including digitized words for parsing (380) and inferencing (298) into triples (752, 754) that usefully can be included in an enterprise knowledge graph (154). Taken, for example, as instances of an object-oriented contact class, then, no doubt in addition to words, a CRM contact would also include member methods, other member data elements, and so on. Nevertheless, a CRM contact is basically a container or wrapper for content and structure (509) for parsing and inference. Examples of CRM content includes words describing new customers, new customer representatives, new call notes, triples newly constructed by a user with GUI widgets, and so on. A CRM contact can be scoped by user input, as, for example, activation of a button widget on a dashboard designating a contact.

In this example, the inference engine (298) operates in the context of a semantic reasoner (378). A semantic reasoner is a module of automation that expands an inference engine with enriched functionality. In this paper, it is generally assumed that query execution and inferencing are carried out by the same engine, a query and inference engine, often referred to simply as an inference engine. It is possible to configure a query engine separate from an inference engine, but for ease of explanation, in this paper, the query function and the inference function are combined in an “inference engine.” With a reasoner, the functionality of the inference engine can be limited to query execution and inferencing. Additional functionality associated with queries and inferencing is provided by the semantic reasoner.

Examples of such additional functionality include inserting parsed triples and inferred triples into an enterprise knowledge base, storing parsed or inferred triples as a separate graph for further processing, storing parsed and inferred triples into a new separate dataset such as for publication, serializing parsed and inferred triples for saving to a file, displaying parsed and inferred triples for administration by a user, and so on.

For further explanation, FIG. 4 sets forth a line drawing of an example dashboard (110) that implements CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. The dashboard is a graphical user interface (‘GUI’) of a computer system (152). The dashboard itself is a GUI exposed by a speech-enabled CRM application that provides to a tele-agent a front-end, an interface, for all pertinent functionality of a contact center, leads, scripts, enterprise knowledge base, triple servers with semantic CRM stores, customer information, information on customer representatives, call notes stores, voice services, communications sessions, communications contacts, and so on, and so on.

The dashboard implements digital controls called widgets. A widget is a GUI element of interaction, such as a button or a scroll bar. Widgets are automated elements with which a user interacts with through direct manipulation to read or edit information or administer control. Each widget appears as a digital part of a GUI and facilitates a specific type of user-computer interaction. Some widgets support interaction with the user, for example, labels, buttons, and check boxes. Others act as containers that group widgets added to them, for example, windows, panels, and tabs. Examples of widgets optionally useful in CRM controls according to embodiment include buttons, radio buttons, check boxes, sliders, list boxes, spinners, drop-down lists, menus, menu bars, scroll bars, text boxes, dialog boxes, and so on.

In the example of FIG. 4, by use of a search widget (115), the dashboard has been navigated to point to customer information for a customer named Surface Electronics, Inc. The Customer Information scroll box widget (352) will display customer information (not shown) such as address, web page link, email, telephones, and so on. Similarly, the Customer Representative scroll box widget (354) will display (not shown) identities, contact information, and other information for each customer representative of Surface Electronics, Inc., that has had contact with a tele-agent.

In the example of FIG. 4, the dashboard generates CRM sessions (140) and contacts (144) and hands them off to a parsing engine (380) and an inference engine (298) for further processing, including displaying results (752, 754) of such processing in support of CRM operations by user agents. The dashboard accepts user inputs of words of text as content (509) describing a phone call between a tele-agent (128) and a customer representative (129) through call notes text entry scrolling text box widget (366), and, when an event widget button (394) is invoked, the dashboard gathers into a CRM contact (374) the input words describing the phone call and passes the contact to a parsing engine (380). The dashboard accepts user inputs of words of text as content (509) of email, text messages, and speech recognized and recorded from phone calls. Thus, a sequence of user operations of the GUI generates a sequence of contacts for processing by a parsing engine and an inference engine into parsed triples and inferred triples. A parsing engine (380) and an inference engine (298) of the computer system (152) process the structure and content (509) of sessions (140) and contacts (144) and display on the dashboard (110) in scrolling text box widgets the resulting parsed triples (752) and inferred triples (754).

The dashboard in the example of FIG. 4 functions in several ways to acquire content that is gathered into CRM contacts for parsing and inference. In a first alternative way of providing a digitized content (509) to the parsing engine (298), the dashboard through a speech engine (153) recognizes words into digitized speech from a conversation between a tele-agent (128) and a customer representative (129). In this example method, recognizing speech from such a conversation is carried out as follows. Words of speech from the conversation (313) travel through a microphone (176) and amplifier of the computer (152) and, in a thin-client architecture, through a VOIP connection to a voice server (151) where a speech recognition engine recognizes the words into a stream of digitized speech which is handed off to a natural language processing (“NLP”) engine which processes the digitized speech into sentences and parts of speech and passes the words so processed (509) to the parsing engine (298) where they are parsed into triples (752). This is a first alternative way in which the dashboard provides content for inclusion in contacts.

In a second alternative way of providing a digitized content to the parsing engine, the dashboard gathers into a contact the content of call notes from a text box widget (366). The tele-agent, rather than speaking words as content of a contact, types call notes into a text box widget (366), and the text so typed is provided by the dashboard as digitized content of a contact to a natural language processing engine (155). The natural language processing engine sees no difference between typed words from the text box (366) and the words in a stream of digitized speech from a spoken conversation. Thus, this second alternative is similar to the first alternative with the exception that there is no need for speech recognition, because when a stream of digitized text arrives in the speech engine (153), the words in the stream are already digitized by typing them in through the text box (366). The natural language processing engine (155) works the same way as in the first alternative, processing the digitized text from the text box (366) into sentences and parts of speech and passing the words so processed (509) to the parsing engine (298) where they are parsed into triples (752). This is a second alternative way in which the dashboard provides content for inclusion in CRM contacts.

In a third alternative way of providing a digitized word to the parsing engine, the dashboard passes to the parsing engine words designated as elements of triples through widgets (360, 362, 364) of the dashboard. These widgets are pull-down menu listings of Subjects for triples (360), Predicates for triples (362), and Objects (364) for triples. The Predicates (362) and Objects (364) usually are triple elements already defined in an ontology supportive of a semantic CRM triple store portion of an enterprise knowledge graph. The Subjects (360) are a stream of text word candidates for inclusion in triples. Text in the Subjects pull-down menu (360) is provided by the speech engine (153) from call notes text (366) or from words recognized from a conversation (313) or otherwise. The tele-agent (128) designates content (509) for inclusion in a contact by selecting text from the Subjects pull-down menu (360), for example, selecting by keyboard or mouse (181). The tele-agent can select text from the pull-down (360) by double-click or by drag-and-drop onto the assembly box (368) for triples. The tele-agent can optionally also select a Predicate (362) or an Object (364) for inclusion in the same triple with the selected Subject, also by double-click or drag-and-drop. The tele-agent's selections of predicates and objects in some embodiments can be binding upon the parsing engine. In other embodiments, the tele-agent's selections are treated by the parsing engine merely as recommendations. The parsing engine (298) optionally accepts the tele-agent's selections of predicates and objects, or the parsing process makes its own selections of predicates and triples for inclusion with a word in at least one parsed triple (752). This is a third alternative way in which the dashboard provides content for inclusion in CRM contacts.

For further explanation, FIG. 5 sets forth a functional block diagram of example apparatus for CRM in a thin-client architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. A thin-client architecture is a client-server architecture in which at least some of, in some embodiments most of, in some embodiments all of, speech processing and triple processing is off-loaded from the client to servers. Thinness of thin-clients varies. The computer (152) in the example of FIG. 5 is a thin client in which most speech processing is off-loaded to a voice server (151). The computer (152) accepts voice input (315, 174), but then transfers the voice input through a VOIP connection (216) to the voice server (151) where all speech processing is performed. The speech-enabled device in this example does implement some capacity for triple processing, a natural language processing engine (155), a parsing engine (380), and an inference engine (298), but most of that is optional architecture in a thin client. Devices with reduced storage capacity, a smartwatch or a mobile phone for example, can be implemented with no natural language processing engine (155), no parsing engine (380), and no inference engine (298), merely passing CRM session and contact structure and content (509) through to a triple server (157) that itself carries out all parsing and inferencing.

In the particular example of FIG. 5, the computer (152) occupies a middle ground of thin-client architecture. It supports little or no speech processing, but it does support some triple processing. The thin-client computer in this example performs parsing and inferencing only into triple stores (752, 754) in RAM (168), leaving large-scale storage to the triple server (157). The semantic reasoner (378) loads from storage on the triple server (157) previously stored asserted triples as needed to support inference. This is a compromise between an extremely thin client with no triple storage at all and the thick client described below with regard to FIG. 9.

The example apparatus of FIG. 5 includes the computer (152) and a voice server (151) connected for data communication by a VOIP connection (216) through a data communications network (100). A dashboard (110) runs on the speech-enabled device (152), and in this example, the dashboard (110) is a speech-enabled application that operates user I/O by voice (315), by GUI on a display (180), by keyboard and mouse (181), and so on. A CRM application (195) operates the dashboard as a user interface, and the CRM application may be implemented as a set or sequence of X+V or SALT documents that execute on a speech-enabled browser, a Java Voice application that executes on a Java Virtual Machine, or a speech-enabled application implemented in other technologies. The example computer of FIG. 5 includes a sound card (174), which is an example of an I/O adapter specially designed for accepting analog audio signals from a microphone (176) and converting the audio analog signals to digital form for further processing by a codec (183).

VOIP stands for ‘Voice Over Internet Protocol,’ a generic term for routing speech over an IP-based data communications network. The speech data flows over a general-purpose packet-switched data communications network, instead of traditional dedicated, circuit-switched voice transmission lines. Protocols used to carry voice signals over the IP data communications network are commonly referred to as ‘Voice over IP’ or ‘VOIP’ protocols. VOIP traffic may be deployed on any IP data communications network, including data communications networks lacking a connection to the rest of the Internet, for instance on a private building-wide local area data communications network or ‘LAN’ 1.

Many protocols may be used to effect VOIP, including, for example, types of VOIP effected with the IETF's Session Initiation Protocol (‘SIP’) and the ITU's protocol known as ‘H.323.’ SIP clients use TCP and UDP port 5060 to connect to SIP servers. SIP itself is used to set up and tear down calls for speech transmission. VOIP with SIP then uses RTP for transmitting the actual encoded speech. Similarly, H.323 is an umbrella recommendation from the standards branch of the International Telecommunications Union that defines protocols to provide audio-visual communication sessions on any packet data communications network.

The CRM application (195) in this example is a user-level, speech-enabled, client-side computer program that presents a voice interface to user (128), provides audio prompts and responses (314) and accepts input speech for recognition (315). The CRM application (195) provides a speech interface through which a user may provide oral speech for recognition through microphone (176) and have the speech digitized through an audio amplifier (185) and a coder/decoder (‘codec’) (183) of a sound card (174) and provided for recognition to a voice server (151). Speech-enabled application (195) packages digitized speech in recognition request messages according to a VOIP protocol and transmits the speech to voice server (151) through the VOIP connection (216) on the network (100).

The voice server (151) provides voice recognition services for speech-enabled devices by accepting dialog instructions, VoiceXML segments, or the like, and returning speech recognition results, including text representing recognized speech, text for use as variable values in dialogs, and output from execution of semantic interpretation scripts as well as voice prompts. Voice server (151) includes computer programs that provide text-to-speech (‘TTS’) conversion for voice prompts and voice responses to user input in speech-enabled applications such as, for example, X+V applications, SALT applications, Java Speech applications, or the like.

The computer (152) in the example of FIG. 5 includes a semantic query and inference engine (298), a module of automated computing machinery that accepts from the CRM application (195) and the dashboard (110) and executes against parsed triples (752) semantic queries and inferences according to semantic rules of inference (376). In this paper, the query and inference engine is often called, for ease of reference, merely an inference engine. But the longer name is appropriate, because instructions for inference in many embodiments, particularly those that implement RDF/RDGS/OWL ontologies for triples and SPARQL for queries, are expressed as components of SPARQL queries, and in such embodiments, inference rules (376) can be, and often are, expressed as elements of semantic queries. In such embodiments, the CRM application (195) formulates semantic queries with user input through the dashboard from speech (315), GUI (110), keyboard or mouse (181), or the like. Such a semantic query is a query designed and implemented against structured data. Semantic queries utilize logical operators, namespaces, pattern matching, subclassing, transitive relations, semantic rules and contextual full text search. Semantic queries work on named graphs, linked-data, or triples. In embodiments of the present invention, linked triples typically form graphs. Data so structured enables a semantic query to process actual relationships between items of information and infer answers from a structured network of data. Semantic queries contrast with semantic search, which attempts with various levels of success to use semantics in unstructured text to improve meaning of search results.

Example formulations of semantic queries are had in C, C++, Java, Prolog, Lisp, and so on. The semantic web technology stack of the W3C is an example formulation that offers SPARQL to effect semantic queries in a syntax similar to SQL. Semantic queries are used against data structured in triple stores, graph databases, semantic wikis, natural language, and artificial intelligence systems. As mentioned, semantic queries work on structured data, and in the particular examples of the present case, the structured data is words, including literal phrases and names identified in URIs, described and defined in semantic triples connected in ways that conform to a formal logic, sometimes a predicate logic, often a description logic. In many embodiments of the present invention, semantic queries are asserted against data structured according to a description logic that implements decidability.

In the example apparatus of FIG. 5, the computer (152) is coupled for data communication through a communications adapter (167), wireless connection (118), data communications network (100), and wireline connection (121) to a triple server (157). The triple server (157) provides large volume backup for triple stores. The triple server is a configuration of automated computing machinery that serializes triples and stores serialized triples in relational databases, tables, files, or the like. The triple server retrieves as needed from non-volatile storage such serialized triples, parses the serialized triples into triple subgraphs, and provides such triple subgraphs upon request to thin-client computers and other devices for use in systems that utilize the triples in CRM according to embodiments of the present invention.

The example computer system (152) illustrated in FIG. 5 operates generally to implement CRM according to embodiments of the present invention by establishing, upon a first communications contact between a tele-agent (128) and a customer representative, as structure of computer memory (168) of the computer system, a communications session (140). In establishing a session, the computer system establishes, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a session (140) as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery whose structure and contents (509) are also stored as semantic triples (752, 754) in an enterprise knowledge graph (154). That is, a session in this example is established initially at least as an instance of an object-oriented session class. Establishing such a session includes storing in computer memory as member data elements of the session a subject code, a timestamp, identification of the tele-agent, identification of the customer representative, and optionally as well other information regarding the session.

The computer system (152) also functions generally by administering through the communications session (140) across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts (144), including the first contact and also subsequent communications contacts, between the tele-agent and a customer representative. The computer system administers a sequence of contacts by establishing each contact as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery that structures computer memory (168) of the computer system and whose structure and contents (509) are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph (154). That is, a contact (144) in this example is established initially at least as an instance of an object-oriented contact class. Administering a sequence of contacts includes recording in computer memory as member data elements of each contact a timestamp beginning the contact, duration of the contact, a session identifier for the contact, platform type, contact status, any communications content of the contact, and optionally as well other information regarding the contact.

Effecting CRM with semantic triples according to embodiments of the present invention, particularly in a thin-client architecture, may be implemented with one or more voice servers. A voice server is a computer, that is, automated computing machinery, that provides speech recognition and speech synthesis. For further explanation, FIG. 6 sets forth a block diagram of automated computing machinery representing an example voice server (151) supportive of CRM with a client computer according to embodiments of the present invention. The voice server (151) of FIG. 6 includes at least one computer processor (156) or ‘CPU’ as well as random access memory (168) (‘RAM’) which is connected through a high-speed memory bus (166) and bus adapter (158) to the CPU (156) and to other components of the voice server.

Stored in RAM (168) is a voice server application (188), a module of automation capable of operating a voice server in a system that is configured for use in CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. Voice server application (188) provides voice recognition services for speech-enabled client devices by accepting requests for speech recognition and returning speech recognition results, including text representing recognized speech, text for use as variable values in dialogs, and text as string representations of scripts for semantic interpretation. Voice server application (188) also includes the capability to provide text-to-speech (‘TTS’) conversion for voice prompts and voice responses to user input in speech-enabled client-side applications such as, for example, speech-enabled browsers, X+V applications, SALT applications, Java Speech applications, and the like.

Voice server application (188) may be implemented as a web server, implemented in Java, C++, Python, Perl, or any language that supports X+V, SALT, VoiceXML, or other speech-enabled languages, by providing responses to HTTP requests from X+V clients, SALT clients, Java Speech clients, or other speech-enabled client devices. Voice server application (188) may, for a further example, be implemented as a Java server that runs on a Java Virtual Machine (102) and supports a Java voice framework by providing responses to HTTP requests from Java client applications running on speech-enabled devices. And voice server applications that support embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in various other ways, and all such ways are well within the scope of the present invention.

The voice server (151) in this example includes a natural language processing speech recognition (“NLP-SR”) engine (153). An NLP-SR engine is sometimes referred to in this paper simply as a ‘speech engine.’ A speech engine is a functional module, typically a software module, although it may include specialized hardware also, that does the work of recognizing and generating human speech. In this example, the speech engine (153) is a natural language processing speech engine that includes a natural language processing (“NLP”) engine (155). The NLP engine accepts recognized speech from an automated speech recognition (‘ASR’) engine, processes the recognized speech into parts of speech, subjects, predicates, objects, and so on, and then makes such parts available to parsing engines for conversion into semantic triples for further inference and for inclusion in triple stores.

The speech engine (153) includes an automated speech recognition (‘ASR’) engine for speech recognition and a text-to-speech (‘TTS’) engine for generating speech. The speech engine also includes a grammar (104), a lexicon (106), and a language-specific acoustic model (108). The language-specific acoustic model (108) is a data structure, a table or database, for example, that associates speech feature vectors (‘SFVs’) with phonemes representing pronunciations of words in a human language. The lexicon (106) is an association of words in text form with phonemes representing pronunciations of each word; the lexicon effectively identifies words that are capable of recognition by an ASR engine. Also stored in RAM (168) is a Text-To-Speech (‘TTS’) Engine (194), a module of computer program instructions that accepts text as input and returns the same text in the form of digitally encoded speech, for use in providing speech as prompts for and responses to users of speech-enabled systems.

The grammar (104) communicates to the ASR engine (150) the words and sequences of words that currently may be recognized. For further explanation, distinguish the purpose of the grammar and the purpose of the lexicon. The lexicon associates with phonemes all the words that the ASR engine can recognize. The grammar communicates the words currently eligible for recognition. The two sets at any particular time typically are not the same.

Grammars may be expressed in a number of formats supported by ASR engines, including, for example, the Java Speech Grammar Format (‘JSGF’), the format of the W3C Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (‘SRGS’), the Augmented Backus-Naur Format (‘ABNF’) from the IETF's RFC2234, in the form of a stochastic grammar as described in the W3C's Stochastic Language Models (N-Gram) Specification, and in other grammar formats as may occur to those of skill in the art. Grammars typically operate as elements of dialogs, such as, for example, a VoiceXML <menu> or an X+V <form>. A grammar's definition may be expressed in-line in a dialog. Or the grammar may be implemented externally in a separate grammar document and referenced from with a dialog with a URI. Here is an example of a grammar expressed in JSFG:

<grammar scope=“dialog” ><![CDATA[  #JSGF V1.0;  grammar command;  <command> = [remind me to] call | phone | telephone <name> <when>;  <name> = bob | martha | joe | pete | chris | john | artoush;  <when> = today | this afternoon | tomorrow | next week;  ]]> </grammar>

In this example, the elements named <command>, <name>, and <when> are rules of the grammar. Rules are a combination of a rulename and an expansion of a rule that advises an ASR engine or a voice interpreter which words presently can be recognized. In this example, expansion includes conjunction and disjunction, and the vertical bars ‘|’ mean ‘or.’ An ASR engine or a voice interpreter processes the rules in sequence, first <command>, then <name>, then <when>. The <command> rule accepts for recognition ‘call’ or ‘phone’ or ‘telephone’ plus, that is, in conjunction with, whatever is returned from the <name> rule and the <when> rule. The <name> rule accepts ‘bob’ or ‘martha’ or ‘joe’ or ‘pete’ or ‘chris’ or ‘john’ or ‘artoush’, and the <when> rule accepts ‘today’ or ‘this afternoon’ or ‘tomorrow’ or ‘next week.’ The command grammar as a whole matches utterances like these:

-   -   “phone bob next week,”     -   “telephone martha this afternoon,”     -   “remind me to call chris tomorrow,” and     -   “remind me to phone pete today.”

The voice server application (188) in this example is configured to receive, from a speech-enabled client device located remotely across a network from the voice server, digitized speech for recognition from a user and pass the speech along to the ASR engine (150) for recognition. ASR engine (150) is a module of computer program instructions, also stored in RAM in this example. In carrying out automated speech recognition, the ASR engine receives speech for recognition in the form of at least one digitized word and uses frequency components of the digitized word to derive a speech feature vector or SFV. An SFV may be defined, for example, by the first twelve or thirteen Fourier or frequency domain components of a sample of digitized speech. The ASR engine can use the SFV to infer phonemes for the word from the language-specific acoustic model (108). The ASR engine then uses the phonemes to find the word in the lexicon (106).

Also stored in RAM is a VoiceXML interpreter (192), a module of computer program instructions that processes VoiceXML grammars. VoiceXML input to VoiceXML interpreter (192) may originate, for example, from VoiceXML clients running remotely on speech-enabled devices, from X+V clients running remotely on speech-enabled devices, from SALT clients running on speech-enabled devices, from Java client applications running remotely on multimedia devices, and so on. In this example, VoiceXML interpreter (192) interprets and executes VoiceXML segments representing voice dialog instructions received from remote speech-enabled devices and provided to VoiceXML interpreter (192) through voice server application (188).

A speech-enabled application like a client-side CRM application (195 on FIG. 5) or a dashboard (110 on FIG. 5) in a thin-client architecture may provide voice dialog instructions, VoiceXML segments, VoiceXML <form> elements, and the like, to VoiceXML interpreter (149) through data communications across a network with such a speech-enabled application. The voice dialog instructions include one or more grammars, data input elements, event handlers, and so on, that advise the VoiceXML interpreter how to administer voice input from a user and voice prompts and responses to be presented to a user. The VoiceXML interpreter administers such dialogs by processing the dialog instructions sequentially in accordance with a VoiceXML Form Interpretation Algorithm (‘FIA’) (193). The VoiceXML interpreter interprets VoiceXML dialogs provided to the VoiceXML interpreter by a speech-enabled application.

As mentioned earlier, a Form Interpretation Algorithm (‘FIA’) drives the interaction between a user and a speech-enabled application. The FIA is generally responsible for selecting and playing one or more speech prompts, collecting a user input, either a response that fills in one or more input items, or a throwing of some event, and interpreting actions that pertained to the newly filled-in input items. The FIA also handles speech-enabled application initialization, grammar activation and deactivation, entering and leaving forms with matching utterances and many other tasks. The FIA also maintains an internal prompt counter that is increased with each attempt to provoke a response from a user. That is, with each failed attempt to prompt a matching speech response from a user an internal prompt counter is incremented.

Also stored in RAM (168) is an operating system (154). Operating systems useful in voice servers according to embodiments of the present invention include UNIX™, Linux™, Microsoft NT™, AIX™, IBM's i5/OS™, and others as will occur to those of skill in the art. Operating system (154), voice server application (188), VoiceXML interpreter (192), ASR engine (150), JVM (102), and TTS Engine (194) in the example of FIG. 6 are shown in RAM (168), but many components of such software typically are stored in non-volatile memory also, for example, on a disk drive (170).

The example voice server (151) of FIG. 6 includes bus adapter (158), a computer hardware component that contains drive electronics for high speed buses, the front side bus (162), the video bus (164), and the memory bus (166), as well as drive electronics for the slower expansion bus (160). Examples of bus adapters useful in voice servers according to embodiments of the present invention include the Intel Northbridge, the Intel Memory Controller Hub, the Intel Southbridge, and the Intel I/O Controller Hub. Examples of expansion buses useful in voice servers according to embodiments of the present invention include Industry Standard Architecture (‘ISA’) buses and Peripheral Component Interconnect (‘PCI’) buses.

Voice server (151) of FIG. 6 includes disk drive adapter (172) coupled through expansion bus (160) and bus adapter (158) to processor (156) and other components of the voice server (151). Disk drive adapter (172) connects non-volatile data storage to the voice server (151) in the form of disk drive (170). Disk drive adapters useful in voice servers include Integrated Drive Electronics (‘IDE’) adapters, Small Computer System Interface (‘SCSI’) adapters, and others as will occur to those of skill in the art. In addition, non-volatile computer memory may be implemented for a voice server as an optical disk drive, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (so-called ‘EEPROM’ or ‘Flash’ memory), RAM drives, and so on, as will occur to those of skill in the art.

The example voice server of FIG. 6 includes one or more input/output (‘I/O’) adapters (178). I/O adapters in voice servers implement user-oriented input/output through, for example, software drivers and computer hardware for controlling output to display devices such as computer display screens, as well as user input from user input devices (181) such as keyboards and mice. The example voice server of FIG. 6 includes a video adapter (209), which is an example of an I/O adapter specially designed for graphic output to a display device (180) such as a display screen or computer monitor. Video adapter (209) is connected to processor (156) through a high-speed video bus (164), bus adapter (158), and the front side bus (162), which is also a high-speed bus.

The example voice server (151) of FIG. 6 includes a communications adapter (167) for data communications with other computers (182) and for data communications with a data communications network (100). Such data communications may be carried out serially through RS-232 connections, through external buses such as a Universal Serial Bus (‘USB’), through data communications data communications networks such as IP data communications networks, and in other ways as will occur to those of skill in the art. Communications adapters implement the hardware level of data communications through which one computer sends data communications to another computer, directly or through a data communications network. Examples of communications adapters useful for embodiments of the present invention include modems for wired dial-up communications, Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) adapters for wired data communications network communications, and 802.11 adapters for wireless data communications network communications.

For further explanation, FIG. 7 sets forth a block diagram of automated computing machinery comprising an example of a computer useful as a triple server (157) for CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. The triple server (157) of FIG. 7 includes at least one computer processor (156) or ‘CPU’ as well as random access memory (168) (‘RAM’) which is connected through a high-speed memory bus (166) and bus adapter (158) to processor (156) and to other components of the triple server. The processor is connected through a video bus (164) to a video adapter (209) and a computer display (180). The processor is connected through an expansion bus (160) to a communications adapter (167), an I/O adapter (178), and a disk drive adapter (172). The processor is connected to a speech-enabled laptop (126) through data communications network (100) and wireless connection (118). Disposed in RAM is an operating system (154).

Also disposed in RAM are a triple server application program (297), data communications sessions (140), data communications contacts (144), structure and content (509) of sessions and contacts, inference rules (376), a natural language processing (“NLP”) engine (155), a parsing engine (380), an inference engine (298), and a semantic reasoner (378). Also disposed in RAM are a triple serializer (294), a triple converter (292), and one or more triple files (290).

The triple server application program (297) accepts, through network (100) from client-side devices such as laptop (126), instances of sessions (140) and contacts (14) from which it extracts structure and content (509) for parsing. The NLP engine optionally eases the parsing process by first processing at least some content into sentences and parts of speech before providing the content so processed to the parsing engine. The parsing engine parses the structure and content into parsed triples (752). The inference engine (298) takes as inputs the parsed triples (752) and the inference rules (376) and infers inferred triples (754). The triple server application (297) then returns copies of the parsed triples and inferred triples to the client side for further processing and stores the parsed triples and inferred triples in the enterprise knowledge graph (154). In this way, the triple server offloads from the client device (126) most of the triple-related processing and storage data processing workload.

The serializer (294) administers the transfer of triples between triple stores (750, 752, 754) in RAM and various forms of disk storage or other non-volatile storage. The serializer (294) accepts as inputs the contents of triple stores and serializes them for output as triple files (290), tables, relational database records, spreadsheets, text documents, or the like, for long-term storage in non-volatile memory, such as, for example, on a hard disk (170). The serializer (294) accepts triple files (290) as inputs and outputs parsed triples into triple stores in RAM. In many embodiments, when the serializer (294) accepts triple files (290) as inputs and outputs parsed triples into triple stores in RAM, the serializer stores the output triple stores into contiguous segments of memory. Contiguous storage can be effected in the C programming language by a call to the malloc( ) function. Contiguous storage can be effected by the Python buffer protocol. Contiguous storage can be effected in other ways as will occur to those of skill in the art, and all such ways are within the scope of the present invention. In many embodiments, triple stores (750, 752, and 754) would be stored in segments of contiguous memory.

Contiguous memory is explained in more detail with reference to FIG. 8. FIG. 8 sets forth a block diagram of a computer memory system, configured supportive of CRM according to embodiments, that includes a computer processor (156) composed of various registers (190) executing a CRM application program (195). The CRM application (195), the registers (190) of the processor, as well as all attendant conformations of memory, data communications sessions (140), communications contacts (144), expressions of structure and content of sessions and contacts (509), parsed triples (752), inferred triples (754), and so on, all operate with memory addresses (700) disposed in virtual memory (708). The contents of virtual memory are backed up with physical storage in an on-processor cache (186), RAM (168), and disk (170). The contents of the cache are organized in cache lines (702). Memory in RAM is organized in pages (712). Memory on disk is organized in frames (706). A memory management unit (“MMU”) (184) translates virtual memory addresses into physical memory locations and moves contents of memory from physical storage to and from processor registers. In accessing physical memory, the MMU always looks first in the cache. A failure to find content in the cache is termed a “cache miss” (714). Upon a cache miss, the MMU seeks memory content in RAM (168) and moves it into the cache. Failing to find sought content in RAM, a failure termed a “page fault” (716), the MMU looks all the way out to the page frames (706) on disk, moves content into RAM (168) and then into cache (186).

The use of contiguous memory deals with a particular challenge in memory management for CRM. In typical embodiments, cache access takes 10 nanoseconds. RAM access takes 100 nanoseconds. Disk access takes 10,000,000 nanoseconds. Those numbers are not intuitive. People do not experience time in nanoseconds. Therefore let us look at this challenge in more familiar terms. If cache access is viewed as taking one minute, then RAM access takes 10 minutes, and disk access for the same data takes two years. Triples scattered across virtual memory addresses risk being stored in multiple page frames. Triples stored near one another in a contiguous memory segment are much more likely to be stored in a small number of page frames.

Suppose a pertinent set of triples, a subgraph of triples, for example, parsed, inferred, or previously asserts and stored, is composed of 10 kilobytes of storage. Some computer systems today support memory page sizes of a megabyte or more. Such a set of triples (704) can be stored in a single memory page (710), and, once that page is in RAM (168), operation of the triple set for CRM can proceed with no risk of page faults at all. Even if contiguous storage for such a set falls across a page boundary, the entire set of triples can still be loaded with only two page faults, and, after it is loaded into RAM, it can be operated with zero page faults going forward. Cache misses would still be required to load the contents into cache, but, except for the first one or two misses, none of the others would risk a page fault. The inventors estimate that after a short period of operation, the cache miss rate would be less than one percent for operation of such a set of triples in the context of CRM. That is, when a set of triples is disposed in contiguous memory in support of CRM according to embodiments of the present invention, memory access times generally will approximate cache access times, just a few nanoseconds, for more than 99% of memory access.

For further explanation, FIG. 9 sets forth a functional block diagram of example apparatus, a speech-enabled device for CRM, in a thick-client architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. A thick-client architecture is a client-server architecture in which all or most of the functionality required to administer CRM according to embodiments is supported directly on client-side devices rather than on servers. Servers are used for backup and synchronization rather than session administration, contact administration, speech recognition, semantic queries, or inferencing. A thick client requires resources, processor power and memory storage, possibly not always available on a small device such as a smartwatch or a mobile phone. In a thick client with sufficient data processing resources, however, all pertinent functionality, communications sessions, communications contacts, parsing, inference rules, inferencing, triple stores, speech processing, and so on, typically are immediately and fully useful, regardless of network availability. The thick-client speech-enabled computer (152) in the example of FIG. 9 is automated computer machinery that includes a CPU (156), RAM (168), data buses (162, 164, 166, 160), video (180, 209), data communications (167), I/O (178), and disk storage (170).

Disposed in RAM are a CRM application program (195) that exposes and operates a GUI dashboard (110), communications sessions (140) and communications contacts (144) established and administered by the CRM application running on the computer (152) and, sessions and contacts structure and content (509) to be parsed into triples (752), inference rules (376), a natural language processing (“NLP”) engine (155), a parsing engine (380), an inference engine (298), and a semantic reasoner (378). Also disposed in RAM are a triple serializer (294), a triple converter (292), and one or more triple files (290). The NLP engine optionally eases the parsing process by first processing the structure and content (509) into sentences and parts of speech before providing the words so processed to the parsing engine. The parsing engine parses the structure and content into parsed triples (752). The inference engine (298) takes as inputs the parsed triples (752) and the inference rules (376) and infers inferred triples (754).

The serializer (294) administers the transfer of triples between triple stores (752, 754) in RAM and disk storage or other non-volatile storage. The serializer (294) accepts as inputs the contents of triple stores and serializes them for output as triple files (290), tables, relational database records, spreadsheets, text documents, or the like, for long-term storage in non-volatile memory, such as, for example, on a hard disk (170). The serializer (294) accepts triple files (290) as inputs and outputs parsed triples into triple stores in RAM. In many embodiments, when the serializer (294) accepts triple files (290) as inputs and outputs parsed triples into triple stores in RAM, the serializer stores the output triple stores into contiguous segments of memory. Contiguous storage can be effected in the C programming language by a call to the malloc( ) function. Contiguous storage can be effected by the Python buffer protocol. Contiguous storage can be effected in other ways as will occur to those of skill in the art, and all such ways are within the scope of the present invention. In many embodiments, triple stores (752, 754) would be stored in segments of contiguous memory.

The speech-engine (153) is a full-service NLP-SR engine that includes natural language processing (155), speech recognition (150), a grammar (104), a lexicon (106), a model (108), and text-to-speech processing (194), all as described in more detail above with regard to FIG. 6. The thick-client speech-enabled device (152) has no need to reach across a network for speech-related processing. Full speech enablement is available directly on the thick client computer itself.

The example computer system (152) illustrated in FIG. 9 operates generally to implement CRM according to embodiments of the present invention by establishing, upon a first communications contact between a tele-agent and a customer representative, as structure of computer memory (168) of the computer system, a communications session (140). In establishing a session, the computer system establishes, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a session (140) as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery whose structure and contents (509) are also stored as semantic triples (752, 754) in an enterprise knowledge graph (154). That is, a session in this example is established initially at least as an instance of an object-oriented session class. Establishing such a session includes storing in computer memory as member data elements of the session a subject code, a timestamp, identification of the tele-agent, identification of the customer representative, and optionally as well other information regarding the session.

The computer system (152) also functions generally by administering through the communications session (140) across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts (144), including the first contact and also subsequent communications contacts, between the tele-agent and a customer representative. The computer system administers a sequence of contacts by establishing each contact as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery that structures computer memory (168) of the computer system and whose structure and contents (509) are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph (154). That is, a contact (144) in this example is established initially at least as an instance of an object-oriented contact class. Administering a sequence of contacts includes recording in computer memory as member data elements of each contact a timestamp beginning the contact, duration of the contact, a session identifier for the contact, platform type, contact status, any communications content of the contact, and optionally as well other information regarding the contact.

For further explanation, FIG. 10 sets forth a flow chart illustrating an example method of CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. Functions in the method of FIG. 10 are implemented with or disposed upon some combination of a client computer (152), a voice server (151), and a triple server (157). That is, for example, a speech engine can be disposed upon the voice server (151) in a thin-client architecture or upon the client (152) in a thick-client architecture. And parsing and inference can be carried out either on a triple server (157) or on a client computer (152). Except for the parsing (304) and inferring (754), which are implemented respectively with a parsing engine and an inference engine, the method processes in this example are implemented generally by a CRM application program (195). The question exactly where any particular function occurs depends upon the architecture—although all structural elements are computers or components of computers—and they are all configured together, in one architecture or another, to carry out CRM according to embodiments.

The method of FIG. 10 includes establishing (381) by the computer system, upon a first communications contact between a tele-agent (128) and a customer representative (129), as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a communications session (140). The notion of a ‘first’ contact here refers to a first contact, among what is expected to be multiple contacts, regarding a particular subject matter and a particular customer, that is, a customer that is represented by the customer representative. In the example of FIG. 10, establishing (381) a session is carried out by establishing, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a session as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery. That is, a session (140) in this example is an object that instantiates an object-oriented session class. In this example, the session (140) so instantiated contains member data elements that include a session identification code (393), a subject code (385) that identifies the subject of contacts between agents of a contact center and a customer representative, and a code (387) that identifies a customer that is represented in contacts of the session, that is, represented by a customer representative in contacts between a customer representative and an agent.

The CRM application can determine (215) whether a new contact is a first contact of a session by searching session memory for a session for a customer and subject of the new contact. Finding no match (217), the application establishes (381) a new session (140), records the new session ID (393) in both the new session and the first contact, and hands off the new session and the new contact to the administration function (382). Finding a match (219), the application records the found session ID in the new contact and hands off the found session ID and the new contact to the administration function (382). The session ID functions as a foreign key linking the session to all contacts associated with the session. The session thus functions as a wrapper or container for all contacts linked by the session ID. In this example, identification codes for a tele-agent and a customer representative (205, 207), recorded in the contact (142), are not recorded in the session. This example session (140) therefore can serve as a wrapper, for contacts related to a customer and having a particular subject matter, for multiple contacts among multiple agents and multiple customer representatives.

The member data elements include a timestamp (386) for when the session (140) in created. A session can also include a time limit (221), represented here as a time-to-live or ‘TTL,’ after which the session is either terminated or a user is notified of a timeout and prompted whether to terminate the session. A session can also include a status code (219) to indicate whether the session is active or terminated. Terminated sessions not deleted from session memory or knowledge stores optionally can be configured to be reactivated.

The session member data elements in this example also include a content element (389). A typical use for the content element (389) is to elaborate on the subject matter (385) of contacts of the session. The content (213) of communications in the contacts in this example are stored in association with the contacts themselves (142, 144) rather than in a session object. In many embodiments, the structure and content of the session (140), typically including all session data elements and optionally others as well, after parsing (304) into semantic triples, are stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph (154).

The method of FIG. 10 also includes administering (382) by the computer system through the communications session (140) across communications platforms a sequence (374) of communications contacts, including the first contact (142) and also subsequent communications contacts (144), between the tele-agent and the customer representative. In the method of FIG. 10, communications platforms include telephones (135), text messaging platforms (137), email platforms (131), and chatbots (133). Text messaging platforms can include web chats through a web page exposed by the contact center, small message service (SMS) messages via telephone, or web-based text messaging in general through WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Snapchat, or the like. The computer system itself can administer any or all such platforms. The computer can open a phone contact responsive a user's invoking a GUI widget for a telephone. The computer can accept typed text input or voice messaging into email or text messages. The computer can administer a chatbot that implements a platform of artificial intelligence emulating human behavior in computer-administered communications.

In the method of FIG. 10, administering communications contacts includes determining (383) a communications platform type (201, 372) for each communications contact (142, 144). Communications contacts can be implemented through the computer system, and determining a platform type can be by user GUI operation. That is, for examples, a platform can be expressly selected by invoking GUI widgets for the platforms, phone call, text message, and so on. A user can select a target of a contact dialing or from a contacts list, the CRM application can then note the intended representative identification (207) in the contact, and infer from the dialing or the contact selection that the platform type is a telephone.

Communications contacts can be implemented through speech alone without GUI operations, including determining platform types. A tele-agent can issue oral instructions, “Computer, email Bob and ask to schedule a call.” “Computer, text Bob and ask him to reschedule our call.” “Computer, ring Bob for me and if he doesn't answer, leave a message asking for a call back.” Each of these examples expressly identifies a platform type, respectively, email, text message, and telephone.

In the method of FIG. 10, administering (382) across platforms can be carried out by administering across platform types. An agent can implement with a customer representative a sequence of contacts, each of which can be by a same platform or platform type, all on telephone, of each of which can be by different platforms, phone, email, text, and so on. The administration function handles all platform types equally, even in a sequence of contact by a same tele-agent with a same customer representative.

In the method of FIG. 10, administering contacts across platforms can be carried out by administering contacts asynchronously across platforms. That is, timing is not a limitation of the functionality of CRM according to embodiments. A tele-agent can phone a same customer representative today with the call administered, a contact established, contents recorded, elements parsed, triples stored, and so on. The tele-agent can email the same customer representative tomorrow with the email administered, a contact established, contents recorded, elements parsed, triples stored, and so on. The tele-agent can text the same customer representative the next day with the text message administered, a contact established, contents recorded, elements parsed, triples stored, and so on. The administration function (382) works asynchronously across platforms.

In the method of FIG. 10, administering (382) contacts across platforms can be carried out by administering contacts across physical locations of platforms. That is, location is not a limitation of the functionality of CRM according to embodiments. A tele-agent can phone a same customer representative today from an automobile on a freeway with the call administered, a contact established, contents recorded, elements parsed, triples stored, and so on. The tele-agent can email the same customer representative tomorrow from an agent's desk in a call center with the email administered, a contact established, contents recorded, elements parsed, triples stored, and so on. The tele-agent can text the same customer representative the next day by use of the agent's smart phone in the agent's home office with the text message administered, a contact established, contents recorded, elements parsed, triples stored, and so on. The administration function (382) works regardless of the physical location of a platform.

In the method of FIG. 10, administering (382) a sequence (374) of contacts comprises establishing each contact as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery that structures computer memory of the computer system and whose structure and contents are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph. That is, contacts in this example are instances of an object oriented contact class. The structure of objects of the class is illustrated by the contents of the first contact (142), although the structure of all such contact objects (374) would be similar.

In the example of FIG. 10, administering (382) a sequence (374) of contacts includes recording in computer memory for each contact a session identifier (393) for the contact, a timestamp (203), platform type (201), contact status (211), and any communications content (213) of the contact. The session identifier (393) relates each contact of a session to the pertinent session. The timestamp (203) records the date and time when a contact is initiated. In this example, contacts include failed attempts at contact. That is, in the method of FIG. 10, communications contacts (142, 144) include both instances of actual communications between a tele-agent and the customer representative and also failed attempts at such communications.

The status code (211) can be used to indicate success or failure of a contact. Voice enablement can indicate in response to a status query from an agent, “You tried him last Wednesday and left a message, but we have had no further contact.” The contact structure in this example includes identification codes for the agent (205) who initiated the contact and the customer representative (207) who was sought to be contacted. Because the agent ID and the customer representative ID are recorded in the contact rather than the session, this example session structure (140) can serve as a wrapper, for contacts related to a customer and having a particular subject matter, for multiple contacts among multiple agents and multiple customer representatives.

To the extent that the content (213) of a communications contact is speech, the speech is optionally either recorded raw with a URL locating it in a stored triple—or recognized into text and then stored as an element of a contact of a session. For a transcript, to automate speaker recognition, an example computer system according to embodiments implements a speech recognition function running in a loop with current voice print extraction and comparison with previously stored voice prints of known speakers. For a new speaker with no voice print on record, a computer according to embodiments can take speaker identification from context, e.g., an agent phoned a particular customer representative selected from an address list. Alternatively, for a new speaker with no voice print on record, a computer according to embodiments can prompt for identification, “Excuse me, I did not catch your name.” Other ways to associate a new speaker with a voice print may occur to implementers, and all such ways are well within the scope of the present invention.

In the method of FIG. 10, administering (382) a sequence (374) of contacts can include advising (384) a tele-agent (128) upon request of the status (219) of communications under a session (140). The administration process (382) can list in widgets of a GUI of a CRM application all open sessions, closed sessions, contacts of each session, contents of each contact, and so on. The administration process (382) can accept voice requests and return status by speech, e.g., “Computer, what is our communications status with Bob?” Answer: “You have no open session with Bob.” Or, “You have an open session, the last contact was an email from you to him on March 25, no response. Shall I read you the email?”

In the method of FIG. 10, administering (382) a sequence (374) of contacts can include terminating (379) a session. According to a tele-agent instruction to do so, the administration process can mark session status (219) as “terminated” or “inactive” or the like. The administration process can terminate a session according to a time-out, that is, a predetermined duration for a session, implemented for example by comparing a timestamp (386) when the session was initiated with a time-to-live (221) element and the current date and time, optionally advising a tele-agent of the time-out, and asking whether to terminate. Administering contacts can also include reactivating a terminated session, by, for example, marking pertinent status triples in the knowledge graph as “active” rather than “inactive”—or even retrieving pertinent triples from the knowledge graph and, based upon them, rebuilding an object-oriented session object plus all its contact objects.

The method of FIG. 10 also includes parsing (304), by a parsing engine (380) of the computer system into parsed triples (752) of a description logic, the structure and content (509) of the communications session (140), including the structure and content (213) of the communications contacts (142, 144). In at least some embodiments, the description logic is a member of a family of formal knowledge representation languages in which a query of the logic is decidable. The structure and content (509) include words of communications contacts from a CRM application (195) running on a client computer (152). CRM contacts (142, 144) are said to present in a sequence (374) because they present serially in time, one after another. Each CRM contact is characterized by a platform type (372, 201), that is, a type code, such as, for example, “email,” “chatbot,” “telephone,” “text message,” and so on.

The parsing process (304) functions by forming words from the structure and content (509) into semantic triples (752). The parsing process (304) can function by forming into semantic triples (752) words designated through GUI widgets (368) as element of triples, subject, predicate, object. The parsing process (304) can function by forming into semantic triples (752) words designated through voice commands in a VoiceXML dialog (522) as elements of triples, subject, predicate, object. The parsing process (304) can function by forming into semantic triples (752) words designated by a natural language processing engine (155) as parts of speech, subject, predicate, object. The parsing process hands off the parsed triples (752) to the inference engine (298) and the storage function (322) for further processing. In many embodiments, the parsing process hands off the parsed triples (752) to the inference engine (298) and the storage function (322) by disposing the parsed triples in segments of contiguous memory and providing to the inference engine (298) and the storage function (322) memory addresses for the segments.

The method of FIG. 10 also includes inferring (307), by an inference engine (298) from the parsed triples according to inference rules (376) of an enterprise knowledge graph (154) of the computer system, inferred triples (754). One effect of running inference against the smaller sets of triples parsed from sessions and contacts is to reduce the burden of running inference rules against an entire enterprise knowledge graph. Inferring triples in the smaller chunks of data represented by sessions and contacts is a much smaller data processing task than running inference rules against an entire enterprise knowledge graph, and yet inferring triples in the smaller chunks of data represented by sessions and contacts generates inferred triples that are identical to triples inferred by running inference rules against an entire enterprise knowledge graph.

The method of FIG. 10 also includes storing (322) the parsed triples (752) and the inferred triples (754) in the enterprise knowledge graph (154). In some embodiments, the enterprise knowledge graph is composed of triples of the description logic comprising all CRM-related knowledge that is available to a tele-agent through a CRM system. In some embodiments, at least some subgraphs of structure and content of session and communications contacts within the overall enterprise knowledge graph are disposed within segments of contiguous computer memory.

For further explanation, FIG. 11 sets forth an example enterprise knowledge graph (154) in which type-coded subgraphs are implemented as logically-connected segments of the overall knowledge graph. All the nodes and edges in the example graph (154) of FIG. 11 are elements of semantic triples. The example graph (154) includes subgraphs type-coded as customer information (238) and customer representative information (136), as well as an example of a session (140) whose structure, content, and contacts have been parsed into triples and stored in the enterprise knowledge graph (154). These three subgraphs are merely examples, not limitations of enterprise knowledge graphs. Enterprise knowledge graphs also will typically include financials, vendor information, business entities and structures, project information, corporate guidelines and manuals, employee data, incorporation data, transactions, contracts, sales histories, research details, and so on, and so on, and so on.

The root of the graph (154) is a class object named Enterprise Knowledge (199). The nodes Customer Data (200) and Cust Rep Data (226) are subclasses of Enterprise Knowledge, whereas the session node (140) is an example instance of a particular session parsed and stored. The contact objects (142, 144) of the session are each linked to the session (140) through a session ID object (393). The example of FIG. 11 also illustrates the fact that the parsing process can and will often result in multiple triples for each item that is parsed or inferred into semantic triples. Session (140), for example, is a subject of seven triples in this example: a session identification code (393), a subject code (385), a timestamp (386), a customer identification code (387), a content field (389), a status code (219), and a time-to-live code (221). And the contact node (142), for a further example, is a subject also of seven triples: the session identification code (393) that links the contact (142) to the session (140), as well as an identification of a platform type (201) for the contact, a timestamp (203), a code (205) identifying the tele-agent conducting the contact, a code (207) identifying the customer representative subject to the contact, a status code (211), and the content of the contact (213).

Queries against a triple store in a graph like graph (154), such as, for example, queries used by semantic reasoners to extract prior content for use in present contacts, can include a clause specifying a subgraph:

Query:  SELECT ?subject  WHERE { ?subject :is :Contact . ?subject :ID :Session ID (393) . } Response: :Contact(142)

For further explanation, FIG. 12 sets forth an example set of triple stores in which customer data (238), customer representative data (136), a session (140) are implemented as separate graphs, (238, 240, 242) respectively. Readers will understand that an enterprise knowledge base will include more than these three kinds of information. The three independent graphs as well as additional such graphs can still implement elements of an overall enterprise knowledge base, except that the administrative processes for such a knowledge base may vary, because at least some of its semantic data is housed in separate graphs. Queries, for example, may be structured differently. Queries against a call notes triple store in a graph like graph (242) may not need a clause specifying any particular subgraph:

Query:  SELECT ?subject  WHERE {?subject :ID :Session ID (140) . } Response: :Contact(142)

For further explanation, FIG. 13 sets forth a flow chart illustrating a further example method of CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. The method of FIG. 13 is similar to the example method of FIG. 10, including as it does establishing (381) by a computer system (151, 152, 157), upon a first communications contact (142) between a tele-agent (128) and a customer representative (129), as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a communications session (140). In this example embodiments, the session (140) is structure of a computer memory in that the session can be implemented as an instance of an object-oriented session class. Also like the method of FIG. 10, the method of FIG. 13 also includes administering (382) by the computer system through the communications session (140) across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts, including the first contact (142) and also subsequent communications contacts (144), between the tele-agent and the customer representative. Also like the method of FIG. 10, the method of FIG. 13 includes parsing (304) into semantic triples the structure and content (509) of the communications session (140), including the structure and content of the communications contacts (142, 144), inferring (307) inferred triples from parsed triples, and storing (322) parsed triples and inferred triples in the enterprise knowledge graph (154).

In addition to those similarities to the method of FIG. 10, the method of FIG. 13 includes three alternative ways of acquiring content for inclusion in semantic triples. Content in this example is composed primarily of words spoken or typed into a computer system. So methods of acquiring content for inclusion in triples are typically aimed at acquiring words digitized for data processing in CRM. In a first alternative way of providing a digitized word for parsing, in the method of FIG. 13, parsing (304) can be carried out by parsing a word (509) of digitized speech recognized by a natural language processing speech recognition (“NLP-SR”) engine (153) from a conversation (313) between a tele-agent (128) and a customer representative (129). That is, the method of FIG. 13 includes recognizing (228), by a natural language processing speech recognition (“NLP-SR”) engine into digitized speech (508), words (509) from such a conversation. In this example method, recognizing speech from such a conversation is carried out by conducting words of speech from the conversation (313) through a microphone and amplifier on a speech-enabled device (152) and a VOIP connection (216) to a voice server (151) where a speech recognition engine (150) recognizes the words into a stream of digitized speech which is handed off to a natural language processing engine (155) which processes the digitized speech into sentences and parts of speech and passes the words so processed (509) to the parsing process (304) where they are parsed into triples (752). The administration process (382) passes the digitized words (509) to the parsing process as elements of the structure and content (509) to be parsed. This is a first alternative way of providing digitized words (509) to the parsing process (304).

In a second alternative way of providing digitized words to the parsing process, the method of FIG. 13 also includes receiving (307) in a natural language processing engine words (220) of call notes from a text box widget (366) of a CRM dashboard (110). The tele-agent, in addition to or as an alternative to providing spoken content, types call notes into a GUI text box (366), and all the text so typed is provided by the dashboard (110) directly to a natural language processing engine (155) as digitized words (220). The natural language processing engine sees no difference between typed words (220) and words in a stream of digitized speech (508). Thus, this second alternative is similar to the first alternative with the exception that there is no need for speech recognition (150), because when a stream of digitized text arrives in the NLP-SR engine (153), the words in the stream are already digitized by typing in through the GUI widget text box (366). The natural language processing engine (155) works the same way as in the first alternative, processing the digitized text from the text box (366) into sentences and parts of speech and passing the words so processed (509) through the administration process (382) to the parsing process (304) where they are parsed into semantic triples. This is a second alternative way of providing digitized words (509) to the parsing process (304).

In a third alternative way of providing digitized words to the parsing process, the method of FIG. 13 also includes receiving (303) a word (222) designated as an element of a parsed triple through widgets (360, 362, 364) of a CRM dashboard (110). The widgets are pull-down menu listings of subjects for triples (360), predicates for triples (362), and objects for triples (364). The predicates (362) and objects (364) in at least this example embodiment are triple elements already defined in an ontology supportive of an enterprise knowledge graph (154). The subjects (360) are a stream of word candidates for inclusion in triples. Words in the subjects pull-down menu (360) are provided by the NLP-SR engine (153) from call notes text (366) or from words recognized from the conversation (313), for example. The tele-agent (128) passes a word (222) to the parsing process (304) by selecting a word from the subjects pull-down menu (360), for example, selecting by keyboard or mouse. The tele-agent can optionally also select a predicate (362) or an object (364) for inclusion in the same triple with the selected subject. The tele-agent's selections of predicates and objects in some embodiments can be binding upon the parsing process (304). In other embodiments, the tele-agent's selections are treated by the parsing process merely as recommendations. The parsing process optionally accepts the tele-agent's selections of predicates and objects, or the parsing process makes its own selections of predicates and triples for inclusion with the word (222) in at least one parsed triple. This is a third alternative way of providing digitized words (509) to the parsing process (304).

For further explanation, FIG. 14 sets forth a flow chart illustrating a further example method of CRM according to embodiments of the present invention. The method of FIG. 14 is similar to the example method of FIG. 10, including as it does establishing (381) a communications session (140), administering (382) across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts, parsing (304) into semantic triples the structure and content of the communications session, including the structure and content of the communications contacts (142, 144), inferring (307) inferred triples from parsed triples, and storing (322) parsed triples and inferred triples in the enterprise knowledge graph (154). In addition to those similarities to the method of FIG. 10, the method of FIG. 14 includes executing (338) by a semantic query and inference engine (298) of a computer system against an enterprise knowledge graph (154) a semantic query (341) for semantic data recorded in the knowledge graph. The method of FIG. 14 also includes displaying (348, 350) results (342) of the semantic query (341). The data so sought is in one or more semantic triples or semantic subgraphs previously parsed (304) or inferred (307) and stored (322) in the enterprise knowledge graph (154).

The method of FIG. 14 differs from that of FIG. 10 by including execution of a query, not merely to determine whether a triple is in a triple store, but a type of query (341) that retrieves contents of a triple store (154). The method of FIG. 14 includes executing (338) by a query engine (298) against the enterprise knowledge graph (154) a semantic query (341) for information from triples recorded in the enterprise knowledge graph (154). The semantic query is, for example, received (344) in the query and inference engine through an element of a GUI such a dashboard (110)—or, for a further example, through a speech-enabled user interface such as a microphone (176) and VoiceXML dialog (522). The query and inference engine (298) retrieves (343) and displays (348, 350) the results (342) of the semantic query (342) either back through the GUI (110) or through the speech-enabled user interface (522, 177).

Query (341) does not ask merely whether data is in a store; query (341) asks for the data itself to be returned. Thus, again with reference to the graph regarding Bob and the Mona Lisa, this query, a further example for explanation, which requests predicates and objects from all triples in which Bob is the subject:

 SELECT ?predicate ?object  WHERE { :Bob :?predicate :?subject .} returns this:  :isA  :person  :isAFriendOf  :Alice  :isBornOn  :“the 4^(th) of July 1990”  :isInterestedIn  :“the Mona Lisa”) This query:

 SELECT ?predicate ?object  WHERE { :“the Mona Lisa” :?predicate :?subject .} returns this:  :wasCreatedBy  :“Leonardo da Vinci” And this query:  SELECT ?subject ?predicate ?object  WHERE { :?subject :?predicate :?“the Mona Lisa” .} returns this:  :“the video ‘La Joconde à Washington’” :isAbout :“the Mona Lisa”

It will be understood from the foregoing description that modifications and changes may be made in various embodiments of the present invention without departing from its true spirit. The descriptions in this specification are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention is limited only by the language of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of customer relationship management (“CRM”) implemented in a computer system, the method comprising: establishing by the computer system, upon a first communications contact between a tele-agent and a customer representative, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a communications session; and administering by the computer system through the communications session across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts, including the first contact and also subsequent communications contacts, between the tele-agent and the customer representative, wherein establishing a session comprises establishing, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a session as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery whose structure and contents are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein communications platforms include telephones, text messaging platforms, email platforms, and chatbots.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein administering comprises determining a communications platform type for each communications contact.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein establishing a session comprises storing in computer memory for the session a subject code and an identification of a customer that is represented in contacts of the session.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein administering across platforms includes administering across platform types.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein administering contacts across platforms includes administering contacts asynchronously across platforms.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein administering contacts across platforms includes administering contacts across physical locations of platforms.
 8. A method of customer relationship management (“CRM”) implemented in a computer system, the method comprising: establishing by the computer system, upon a first communications contact between a tele-agent and a customer representative, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a communications session; and administering by the computer system through the communications session across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts, including the first contact and also subsequent communications contacts, between the tele-agent and the customer representative; wherein administering a sequence of contacts comprises establishing each contact as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery that structures computer memory of the computer system and whose structure and contents are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein administering a sequence of contacts comprises recording in computer memory for each contact a timestamp beginning the contact, duration of the contact, a session identifier for the contact, platform type, contact status, and any communications content of the contact.
 10. The method of claim 8 further comprising: parsing, by a parsing engine of the computer system into parsed triples of a description logic, the structure and content of the communications session, including the structure and content of the communications contacts; inferring, by an inference engine from the parsed triples according to inference rules of an enterprise knowledge graph of the computer system, inferred triples; and storing the parsed triples and the inferred triples in the enterprise knowledge graph.
 11. A computer system that implements customer relationship management (“CRM”), the computer system comprising a computer processor operatively coupled to computer memory, the computer processor configured to function by: establishing, upon a first communications contact between a tele-agent and a customer representative, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a communications session; and administering through the communications session across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts, including the first contact and also subsequent communications contacts, between the tele-agent and the customer representative, wherein establishing a session comprises establishing, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a session as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery whose structure and contents are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph.
 12. The computer system of claim 11 wherein communications platforms include telephones, text messaging platforms, email platforms, and chatbots.
 13. The computer system of claim 11 wherein administering comprises determining a communications platform type for each communications contact.
 14. The computer system of claim 11 wherein administering across platforms includes administering across platform types.
 15. The computer system of claim 11 wherein administering contacts across platforms includes administering contacts asynchronously across platforms.
 16. The computer system of claim 11 wherein administering contacts across platforms includes administering contacts across physical locations of platforms.
 17. A computer system that implements customer relationship management (“CRM”), the computer system comprising a computer processor operatively coupled to computer memory, the computer processor configured to function by: establishing, upon a first communications contact between a tele-agent and a customer representative, as structure of computer memory of the computer system, a communications session; and administering through the communications session across communications platforms a sequence of communications contacts, including the first contact and also subsequent communications contacts, between the tele-agent and the customer representative, wherein administering a sequence of contacts comprises establishing each contact as an object-oriented module of automated computing machinery that structures computer memory of the computer system and whose structure and contents are also stored as semantic triples in an enterprise knowledge graph.
 18. The computer system of claim 17 wherein the computer processor is further configured to function by: parsing, by a parsing engine of the computer system into parsed triples of a description logic, the structure and content of the communications session, including the structure and content of the communications contacts; inferring, by an inference engine from the parsed triples according to inference rules of an enterprise knowledge graph of the computer system, inferred triples; and storing the parsed triples and the inferred triples in the enterprise knowledge graph. 